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class="level-left"><div class="level-item"><a href="https://www.infoq.cn/article/DcIUD_gi17sQjvSt5XSS" target="_blank">转载于</a></div><time class="level-item has-text-grey" datetime="2019-07-15T07:30:06.000Z">2019-07-15</time><div class="level-item"><a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/categories/DevOps/">DevOps</a>&nbsp;/&nbsp;<a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/categories/DevOps/TeamWorks/">TeamWorks</a></div><span class="level-item has-text-grey">33 分钟 读完 (大约 4977 个字) </span><span class="level-item has-text-grey" id="busuanzi_container_page_pv"><i class="far fa-eye"></i> <span id="busuanzi_value_page_pv">0</span>次访问</span></div></div><h1 class="title is-size-3 is-size-4-mobile has-text-weight-normal">DevOps团队结构类型汇总</h1><div class="content"><h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2><p>组织中任何 DevOps 工作的主要目标都是改进客户和业务的价值交付，而不是降低成本、提升自动化或者通过配置管理驱动一切；这意味着，为了实现有效的 Dev 和 Ops 协同，不同的组织可能需要不同的团队结构。</p><a id="more"></a><h2 id="概述"><a href="#概述" class="headerlink" title="概述"></a>概述</h2><p>具体哪种 DevOps 团队结构或拓扑适合组织取决于以下几个方面：</p><ul><li>组织的产品集：产品越少协同越简单，就像康威定律预言的那样，自然形成的筒仓就越少；</li><li>技术领导者的职责范围、实力和有效性；Dev 和 Ops 是否有共同的目标；</li><li>组织是否有能力或意愿变革其 IT 运维部门，使其不再只是“上架硬件”和“配置服务器”，而是成为真正与价值流一致的部门，使运维特性为软件团队所重视；</li><li>组织是否有能力或技能主导运维。</li></ul><p>当然，这里列出的主题有些差异；这些拓扑和类型可作为参考指南用于评估某个模式是否恰当。实际上，组合多个模式或将一个模式转换为另一个模式通常是最好的方法。</p><p>那么，什么样的团队结构适合采用 DevOps 呢？显然，不存在适合每个组织的神奇结构或团队拓扑。然而，介绍几种不同的团队结构模型是有用处的，其中一些模型比其他模型更适合某些组织。通过探索这些团队结构（或“拓扑”）的优缺点，我们可以确定自己的组织中最适合 DevOps 实践的团队结构，并考虑康威定律。</p><p>下面为你一一介绍 DevOps 实践的各种团队结构。</p><h3 id="DevOps-的反类型"><a href="#DevOps-的反类型" class="headerlink" title="DevOps 的反类型"></a>DevOps 的反类型</h3><p>了解一些糟糕的做法是有用处的，我们可以叫它们“反类型（anti-types）”（这个叫法源于我们常见的“反模式”）。</p><h4 id="反类型-A：Dev-和-Ops-筒仓"><a href="#反类型-A：Dev-和-Ops-筒仓" class="headerlink" title="反类型 A：Dev 和 Ops 筒仓"></a>反类型 A：Dev 和 Ops 筒仓</h4><p>这是典型的 Dev 和 Ops“各管一摊”。这意味着可以尽早声明故事点“完工”（意味着“特性完成”，但还没应用到生产中），而软件可操作性受损，因为 Dev 没有足够的有关运维特性的上下文信息，而 Ops 人员没有时间或无意为了软件上线前解决问题而参与开发。</p><p>我们可能都知道这种拓扑不好，但我认为，还有实际上更糟糕的拓扑；对于反类型 A（Dev 和 Ops 筒仓），我们至少知道这其中寻在问题。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a607ed1501.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片地址：https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide2.png?w=700"></p><h4 id="反类型-B：DevOps-团队筒仓"><a href="#反类型-B：DevOps-团队筒仓" class="headerlink" title="反类型 B：DevOps 团队筒仓"></a>反类型 B：DevOps 团队筒仓</h4><p>DevOps 团队筒仓（反类型 B）的形成通常是因为经理或主管认定他们“需要一点 DevOps 的东西”并创建了一个“DevOps 团队”（可能其中全是被称为“DevOp”的人）。DevOps 团队的成员迅速形成另一个筒仓，Dev 和 Ops 远比以往任何时候都注意保持距离，因为他们要捍卫自己的老窝、技能和工具集，不被那些“一无所知的 Dev”和“守旧落伍的 Ops”所破坏。</p><p>一个单独的 DevOps 筒仓只在一种情况下是真正有意义的，就是该团队为临时团队，存在时间不超过 12 或 18 个月，其目的是为了让 Dev 和 Ops 团结起来，而且很明确，过了这段时间，该 DevOps 团队就是多余的了；这是我下文所说的<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-five" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 型 DevOps 拓扑</a>。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a60b49df47.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片地址：https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide3.png?w=700"></p><h4 id="反类型-C：Dev-不需要-Ops"><a href="#反类型-C：Dev-不需要-Ops" class="headerlink" title="反类型 C：Dev 不需要 Ops"></a>反类型 C：Dev 不需要 Ops</h4><p>这种拓扑诞生于开发人员和开发经理的天真和傲慢，特别是当开始新项目或系统时。假设 Ops 现在已经成为过去（“我们现在有云，对吧?”），开发人员严重低估了运维技能和活动的复杂性和重要性，并相信可以没有他们，或者只在空闲时间涉及他们。</p><p>这种反类型 C 的 DevOps 拓扑可能最终需要下文说到的<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-three" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3 型（Ops 即 IaaS）</a>或<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-four" target="_blank" rel="noopener">4 型 （DevOps 即服务）的拓扑</a>，因为他们的软件变得更加复杂，并且运维活动开始占用“开发”（即编码）时间。要是这样的团队认识到，运维作为一门学科的重要性与软件开发同等重要和有价值，他们就能够避免许多痛苦和不必要的（非常基本的）运维错误。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a60ed59154.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片地址：https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide4.png?w=700"></p><h4 id="反类型-D：DevOps-作为工具团队"><a href="#反类型-D：DevOps-作为工具团队" class="headerlink" title="反类型 D：DevOps 作为工具团队"></a>反类型 D：DevOps 作为工具团队</h4><p>为了“成为 DevOps”而又不影响当前 Dev 团队的速度（或者说功能点交付），创建一个 DevOps 团队致力于部署管道、配置管理、环境管理等所需的工具。同时，运维人员继续孤立工作，而 Dev 团队继续把应用程序从“墙上”扔给他们。</p><p>尽管这个专门小组的成果就改进工具链而言可能是有好处的，但其影响很有限。在应用程序开发生命周期中 Ops 人员未能早期参与和协作的基本问题仍然没有改变。</p><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/anti-type-d.png" alt="图片"></p><h4 id="反类型-E：换个名的-SysAdmin"><a href="#反类型-E：换个名的-SysAdmin" class="headerlink" title="反类型 E：换个名的 SysAdmin"></a>反类型 E：换个名的 SysAdmin</h4><p>这种反类型在工程成熟度较低的组织中很典型。他们想要提高实践并降低成本，然而，他们并没有将 IT 视为业务的核心推动力。因为 DevOps 在行业内取得的成功现在已经显而易见，所以他们想“做 DevOps”。不幸的是，他们没有反思当前的结构和关系存在什么差距就去为 Ops 团队招聘“DevOps 工程师”，这很难达到目的。</p><p>DevOps 只是对以前的 SysAdmin 角色改了个名，没有真正的文化 / 组织变革发生。这种反类型正变得越来越普遍，因为为了招揽人才而无所不为的招聘人员会赶时髦，寻找具有自动化和工具技能的求职者。遗憾的是，人类的沟通技巧可以让 DevOps 在组织中茁壮成长。</p><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/anti-type-e.png" alt="图片"></p><h4 id="反类型-F：Ops-嵌入到-Dev-团队"><a href="#反类型-F：Ops-嵌入到-Dev-团队" class="headerlink" title="反类型 F：Ops 嵌入到 Dev 团队"></a>反类型 F：Ops 嵌入到 Dev 团队</h4><p>组织不希望保留一个单独的运维团队，因此，开发团队会负责基础设施、管理环境、监控等。然而，在项目或产品导向的方式中，这样做意味着这些工作会受到资源限制和优先级重排的影响，导致低于标准的方法和不成熟的解决方案。</p><p>这种反类型表明，组织对有效 IT 运维的重要性和所需的技能缺乏认识。特别地，开发人员将其视为一种烦恼，Ops 的价值因此被贬低（Ops 是由开发团队的管理者管理的，而开发团队往往有其他的优先级事项）。</p><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/anti-type-f.png" alt="图片"></p><h4 id="反类型-G：Dev-和-DBA-筒仓"><a href="#反类型-G：Dev-和-DBA-筒仓" class="headerlink" title="反类型 G：Dev 和 DBA 筒仓"></a>反类型 G：Dev 和 DBA 筒仓</h4><p>这是<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#anti-type-a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">反类型 A （Dev 和 Ops 筒仓）</a>的一种形式，在中大型公司中非常突出，在这些公司中，多个遗留系统依赖于相同的核心数据集。因为这些数据库对于业务而言非常重要，在 Ops 保护伞下会有一个专门的 DBA 团队，负责它们的维护、性能调优和灾难恢复。这是可以理解的。问题是，当这个团队成为任何数据库变更的守门人时，它实际上就成为频繁的小规模部署（DevOps 和持续交付的核心原则）的障碍。</p><p>此外，就像<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#anti-type-a" target="_blank" rel="noopener">反类型 A</a>中的 Ops，DBA 团队并不参与应用程序的早期开发，因此，在交付周期中会发现数据问题（迁移、性能等）。再加上需要负责多个应用程序的数据库，最终的结果是不断地灭火和越来越大的交付压力。</p><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/anti-type-g.png" alt="图片"></p><h3 id="DevOps-团队拓扑"><a href="#DevOps-团队拓扑" class="headerlink" title="DevOps 团队拓扑"></a>DevOps 团队拓扑</h3><p>与反类型相反，让我们看一些有效的 DevOps 拓扑。</p><h4 id="1-型：Dev-与-Ops-协作"><a href="#1-型：Dev-与-Ops-协作" class="headerlink" title="1 型：Dev 与 Ops 协作"></a>1 型：Dev 与 Ops 协作</h4><p>这是 DevOps 的“应许之地”：Dev 团队和 Ops 团队之间顺畅协作，各自专注于自己的工作，并在必要的时候互相分担。可能有许多单独的 Dev 团队，每个团队致力于一个独立或半独立的产品栈。</p><p>我的感觉是，这种 1 型模型的建立需要相当大量的组织变革，并且要求技术管理团队的高层具有一定的能力。Dev 和 Ops 必须有一个清晰描述且明显有效的共同目标（提供可靠而频繁的变更，诸如此类）。Ops 人员必须适应与 Dev 人员搭配，掌握测试驱动编码和 Git，而 Dev 人员必须认真对待运维特性，从 Ops 人员那里获得日志实现的输入，等等，所有这些都需要相当大的文化变革。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a630bdaa45.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片来源：https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide5.png?w=700"></p><p><strong>1 型适用于具有强力技术领导者的组织</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：高</strong></p><h4 id="2-型：完全共担-Ops-职责"><a href="#2-型：完全共担-Ops-职责" class="headerlink" title="2 型：完全共担 Ops 职责"></a>2 型：完全共担 Ops 职责</h4><p>运维人员已经被整合到产品开发团队，我们看到了一个 2 型拓扑。Dev 和 Ops 之间几乎密不可分，所有人都高度关注同一个目标，这是一种有争议的<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 型（Dev 和 Ops 协作）</a>形式，但它有一些自己的特点。</p><p>像 Netflix 和 Facebook 这种实际上只有一种 Web 产品的组织已经实现了这种 2 型拓扑，但我认为，如果不是只关注少量核心产品，这种模式可能不是非常适用，因为在拥有多个产品流的组织中，预算限制和上下文切换很可能会迫使 Dev 和 Ops 进一步分开（比如说回到<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 型模型</a>）。由于没有明显的或可见的运维团队，所以这种拓扑可能也被称为“NoOps”，(尽管 Netflix NoOps 也可以是下文的<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-three" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3 型（Ops 即 IaaS）</a>)。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a62e4194f2.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片来源：https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide6.png?w=700"></p><p><strong>2 型适用于具有单一主要 Web 产品或服务的组织</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：高</strong></p><h4 id="3-型：Ops-即-IaaS（平台）"><a href="#3-型：Ops-即-IaaS（平台）" class="headerlink" title="3 型：Ops 即 IaaS（平台）"></a>3 型：Ops 即 IaaS（平台）</h4><p>对于具有传统 IT 运维部门（不能或不愿做出足够迅速的变更）的组织，以及将所有应用程序运行在公有云（Amazon EC2、Rackspace、Azure 等等）上的组织，这可能有助于将运维视为一个团队，他们只是提供了弹性基础设施供应用程序在上面部署和运行；为此，内部 Ops 团队直接就相当于 Amazon EC2 或“基础设施即服务（IaaS）”。</p><p>然后，Dev 中的一个团队（也许是一个虚拟团队）可以作为运维特性、指标、监控、服务器配置等方面的专家组，可能负责大部分与 IaaS 团队的沟通。然而，这个团队仍然是一个 Dev 团队，遵循 TDD、CI、迭代开发等标准实践。</p><p>IaaS 拓扑的潜在效益是实现更容易（不必和 Ops 人员直接协作）完成，可能比尝试<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 型（Dev 和 Ops 协作）拓扑</a>更快地获得价值，至于 1 型，可以后续再试。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a63242c97a.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片来源：https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide7.png?w=700"></p><p><strong>3 型适用于有多个不同的产品和服务以及传统 Ops 部门的组织，或者应用程序全部在公有云上运行的组织</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：中</strong></p><h4 id="4-型：DevOps-作为外部服务"><a href="#4-型：DevOps-作为外部服务" class="headerlink" title="4 型：DevOps 作为外部服务"></a>4 型：DevOps 作为外部服务</h4><p>有些组织，特别是较小的组织，可能没有财力、经验或人力可以运维其开发的软件。Dev 团队可能会联系服务提供者，如 Rackspace，帮助他们构建测试环境及自动化基础设施和监控，并就他们在软件开发周期中实现何种运维特性提供建议。</p><p>对于小型组织或团队，如果他们想要学习自动化、监控和配置管理，然后随着他们的发展，会有更多的人专注于运维，他们可能发展成<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-three" target="_blank" rel="noopener">3 型（Ops 即 IaaS）</a>甚至<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 型（Dev 和 Ops 协作）</a>模型，那么 DevOps 即服务可能是一个有效而务实的方式。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a541f98398.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片来源：https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide8.png?w=700"></p><p><strong>4 型适用于运维问题相关经验比较有限的小型团队或组织</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：中</strong></p><h4 id="5-型：具有截止日期的-DevOps-团队"><a href="#5-型：具有截止日期的-DevOps-团队" class="headerlink" title="5 型：具有截止日期的 DevOps 团队"></a>5 型：具有截止日期的 DevOps 团队</h4><p>具有截止日期的 DevOps 团队（5 型）看上去非常像<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#anti-type-b" target="_blank" rel="noopener">反类型 B（DevOps 团队筒仓）</a>，但它的意图和期限有很大的不同。这个临时团队的使命是让 Dev 和 Ops 更紧密地联系在一起，在理想的情况下向<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-one" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1 型（Dev 和 Ops 协作）</a>或<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-two" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2 型</a><a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#anti-type-b" target="_blank" rel="noopener">（</a><a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-two" target="_blank" rel="noopener">完全共担</a><a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-two" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ops 职责</a><a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#anti-type-b" target="_blank" rel="noopener">）</a>模型转化，并最终会淘汰掉。</p><p>临时团队的成员将“翻译”Dev 语言和 Ops 语言，引入大胆的想法，像站立会议和运维团队看板，考虑讨人厌的细节，如负载均衡、管理 NIC 以及为 Dev 团队进行 SSL 减负（offloading ）。如果有足够多的人开始看到 Dev 和 Ops 一起协作带来的价值，那么临时团队就真正获得了一个达成目标的机会，至关重要的是，部署和生产诊断的长期职责不应该给临时团队，否则它就可能会成为一个<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#anti-type-b" target="_blank" rel="noopener">DevOps 团队筒仓（反类型 B）</a>。</p><p><img src="https://static.geekbang.org/infoq/5c6a54b1c74c3.png?imageView2/0/w/800" alt="图片来源：[https://matthewskelton.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/slide9.png?w=700]"></p><p><strong>5 型是1 型拓扑的前身，但要注意反类型 B的危险</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：低到高</strong></p><h4 id="6-型：DevOps-布道团队"><a href="#6-型：DevOps-布道团队" class="headerlink" title="6 型：DevOps 布道团队"></a>6 型：DevOps 布道团队</h4><p>在 Dev 和 Ops 之间存在巨大鸿沟（或者差距有变得很大的趋势）的组织里，它可以有效地“促进”DevOps 团队，保证 Dev 和 Ops 之间的对话。这是<a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-five" target="_blank" rel="noopener">5 型</a><strong>（</strong><a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/#type-five" target="_blank" rel="noopener">具有截止日期的 DevOps 团队</a><strong>）</strong>的一个版本，但这里的 DevOps 团队是一直存在的，其具体职责是促进 Dev 团队和 Ops 团队之间的协作。这个团队的成员有时也被称作“DevOps 布道者”，因为他们帮助宣传 DevOps 实践。</p><blockquote><p>“DevOps 团队”的目标应该是通过赋能组织的其他部分来让自己脱离业务。</p><p>——EricMinick</p></blockquote><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/type-6.png" alt="图片"></p><p><strong>6 型适用于 Dev 和 Ops 之间有疏远趋势的组织。注意反类型 B的危险</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：中到高</strong></p><h4 id="7-型：SRE-团队（谷歌模型）"><a href="#7-型：SRE-团队（谷歌模型）" class="headerlink" title="7 型：SRE 团队（谷歌模型）"></a>7 型：SRE 团队（谷歌模型）</h4><p>DevOps 经常建议 Dev 团队加入值班轮换，但这不是必要的。事实上，有些组织（包括谷歌）运行一个不同的模型，软件由开发团队显式“交接给”运行软件的团队，即网站可靠性工程团队（SRE）。在这个模型中，Dev 团队需要向 SRE 团队提供测试证据（日志、指标等），证明他们的软件已经达到一个 SRE 团队认为足够好的标准。</p><p>至关重要的是，SRE 团队可以拒绝不符合运维标准的软件，要求开发人员在投入生产之前改进代码。Dev 和 SRE 之间的协作围绕着运维标准展开，但是，一旦 SRE 团队对代码满意，他们（而不是 Dev 团队）就会在生产环境中提供支持。</p><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/type-7.png" alt="图片"></p><p><strong>7 型只适用于工程和组织成熟度较高的组织。如果 SRE/Ops 团队被告知进行“JFDI”部署，则要注意不要回到反类型 A</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：低到高</strong></p><h4 id="8-型：容器驱动协作"><a href="#8-型：容器驱动协作" class="headerlink" title="8 型：容器驱动协作"></a>8 型：容器驱动协作</h4><p>容器将应用程序的部署和运行要求封装到了容器中，消除了 Dev 和 Ops 之间的某些协作需求。在这种情况下，容器充当了 Dev 和 Ops 的责任边界。在良好的工程文化中，容器驱动协作模型运转良好，但是，如果 Dev 开始忽视运维注意事项，那么，这个模型就会向敌对的“我们和他们”回归。</p><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/type-8.png" alt="图片"></p><p><strong>8 型适用性：容器可以很好地发挥作用，但要注意反类型 A，不要期望 Ops 团队运行 Dev 扔给他们的任何东西</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：中到高</strong></p><h4 id="9-型：Dev-和-DBA-协作"><a href="#9-型：Dev-和-DBA-协作" class="headerlink" title="9 型：Dev 和 DBA 协作"></a>9 型：Dev 和 DBA 协作</h4><p>为了消除 Dev 和 DBA 之间的鸿沟，有些组织已经尝试使用类似 9 型的模型，DBA 团队的数据库能力与 Dev 团队的数据库能力（或专长）可以很好地互补。这似乎有助于将以 Dev 为中心的数据库视图（基本上就是作为应用程序笨拙的持久性存储）和以 DBA 为中心的数据库视图（智能丰富的业务价值源）之间的转换。</p><p><img src="https://web.devopstopologies.com/images/type-9.png" alt="图片"></p><p><strong>9 型只适用于有一个或多个大型中心数据库连接多个应用程序的组织</strong>。<br><strong>潜在有效性：中</strong></p><p>英文原文： <a href="https://web.devopstopologies.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://web.devopstopologies.com/</a></p><div><h1>推荐文章<span style="font-size:.45em;color:gray">（由<a href="https://github.com/huiwang/hexo-recommended-posts" target="_blank" rel="noopener">hexo文章推荐插件</a>驱动）</span></h1><ul><li><a href="http://www.borgor.cn/2019-07-17/551af828.html">应用程序发布与部署中的几个小Tips</a></li><li><a href="http://www.borgor.cn/2019-07-14/6a30ca1b.html">持续交付提交阶段的最佳实践</a></li><li><a href="http://www.borgor.cn/2019-07-12/5f93a57a.html">DevOps之部署流水线</a></li><li><a href="https://abelsu7.top/2019/04/17/ci-cd-intro/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">浅谈 CI/CD：持续集成、持续交付</a></li></ul></div><script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/kity@2.0.4/dist/kity.min.js"></script><script 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class="heading">文章</p><p class="title has-text-weight-normal">86</p></div></div><div class="level-item has-text-centered is-marginless"><div><p class="heading">分类</p><p class="title has-text-weight-normal">26</p></div></div><div class="level-item has-text-centered is-marginless"><div><p class="heading">标签</p><p class="title has-text-weight-normal">153</p></div></div></nav><div class="level"><a class="level-item button is-link is-rounded" href="/" target="_blank">关注我</a></div><div class="level is-mobile"><a class="level-item button is-white is-marginless" target="_blank" title="Github" href="https://github.com/cyrusky"><i class="fab fa-github"></i></a></div></div></div><div class="card widget" id="toc"><div class="card-content"><div class="menu"><h3 class="menu-label">目录</h3><ul class="menu-list"><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#前言"><span class="has-mr-6">1.1</span> <span>前言</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#概述"><span class="has-mr-6">1.2</span> <span>概述</span></a><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="is-flex" href="#DevOps-的反类型"><span class="has-mr-6">1.2.1</span> <span>DevOps 的反类型</span></a></li><li><a class="is-flex" href="#DevOps-团队拓扑"><span class="has-mr-6">1.2.2</span> <span>DevOps 团队拓扑</span></a></li></ul></li></ul><li><a class="is-flex" href="#undefined"><span class="has-mr-6">2</span> <span>推荐文章（由hexo文章推荐插件驱动）</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="card widget"><div class="card-content"><div class="menu"><h3 class="menu-label">分类</h3><ul class="menu-list"><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">AI</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">20</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/Machine-Learning/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Machine Learning</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">6</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/Mathematics/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Mathematics</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">9</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/NLP/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">NLP</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/AI/%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">公式推导</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">4</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/CheatSheets/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">CheatSheets</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">4</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">DevOps</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">8</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Anti-patterns/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Anti-patterns</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Concept/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Concept</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">3</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Continuous-Delivery/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Continuous Delivery</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/TeamWorks/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">TeamWorks</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/DevOps/Testing/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Testing</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Development</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">33</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/Integrated/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Integrated</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/JavaScript/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">JavaScript</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">18</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/Native/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Native</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/Python/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Python</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">9</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/React/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">React</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Development/html5/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">html5</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Operations</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">18</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/Nginx/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Nginx</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/OpenStack/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">OpenStack</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">14</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Operations/System/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">System</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">3</span></span></a></li></ul></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Reading-Writing/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Reading&Writing</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">3</span></span></a><ul><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Reading-Writing/Hexo/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">Hexo</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">2</span></span></a></li><li><a class="level is-marginless" href="/categories/Reading-Writing/LaTeX/"><span class="level-start"><span class="level-item">LaTeX</span> </span><span class="level-end"><span class="level-item tag">1</span></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="card widget"><div class="card-content"><h3 class="menu-label">标签云</h3><a href="/tags/Agile/" style="font-size:10px">Agile</a> <a href="/tags/Angularjs/" style="font-size:11.11px">Angularjs</a> <a href="/tags/Animation/" style="font-size:10px">Animation</a> <a href="/tags/Application/" style="font-size:10px">Application</a> <a href="/tags/Artificial-Intelligence/" style="font-size:10px">Artificial Intelligence</a> <a href="/tags/BP/" style="font-size:10px">BP</a> <a href="/tags/Bokeh/" style="font-size:10px">Bokeh</a> <a href="/tags/Book/" style="font-size:10px">Book</a> <a href="/tags/C4-5/" style="font-size:10px">C4.5</a> <a href="/tags/CART/" style="font-size:10px">CART</a> <a href="/tags/CD/" style="font-size:10px">CD</a> <a href="/tags/CLI/" style="font-size:10px">CLI</a> <a href="/tags/CSS/" style="font-size:10px">CSS</a> <a href="/tags/CentOS/" style="font-size:11.11px">CentOS</a> <a href="/tags/Cinder/" style="font-size:10px">Cinder</a> <a href="/tags/Clipboardjs/" style="font-size:10px">Clipboardjs</a> <a href="/tags/Concept/" style="font-size:10px">Concept</a> <a href="/tags/Continuous-Delivery/" style="font-size:10px">Continuous Delivery</a> <a href="/tags/DeepLearning/" style="font-size:16.67px">DeepLearning</a> <a href="/tags/Department/" style="font-size:11.11px">Department</a> <a href="/tags/DevOps/" style="font-size:17.78px">DevOps</a> <a href="/tags/Develop/" style="font-size:13.33px">Develop</a> <a href="/tags/Development/" style="font-size:20px">Development</a> <a href="/tags/Directive/" style="font-size:10px">Directive</a> <a href="/tags/Distribution/" style="font-size:10px">Distribution</a> <a href="/tags/Django/" style="font-size:12.22px">Django</a> <a href="/tags/Document/" style="font-size:10px">Document</a> <a href="/tags/ES5/" style="font-size:10px">ES5</a> <a href="/tags/ES6/" style="font-size:10px">ES6</a> <a href="/tags/Echarts/" style="font-size:10px">Echarts</a> <a href="/tags/Engine/" style="font-size:10px">Engine</a> <a href="/tags/Entropy/" style="font-size:10px">Entropy</a> <a href="/tags/Filter/" style="font-size:10px">Filter</a> <a href="/tags/Front-End/" style="font-size:10px">Front End</a> <a href="/tags/Gallery/" style="font-size:10px">Gallery</a> <a href="/tags/Git/" style="font-size:10px">Git</a> <a href="/tags/Gradient-descent/" style="font-size:10px">Gradient descent</a> <a href="/tags/Hexo/" style="font-size:12.22px">Hexo</a> <a href="/tags/Horizon/" style="font-size:10px">Horizon</a> <a href="/tags/ID3-5/" style="font-size:10px">ID3.5</a> <a href="/tags/Icarus/" style="font-size:10px">Icarus</a> <a href="/tags/JavaScript/" style="font-size:18.89px">JavaScript</a> <a href="/tags/Javascript/" style="font-size:11.11px">Javascript</a> <a href="/tags/KVM/" style="font-size:10px">KVM</a> <a href="/tags/LaTeX/" style="font-size:10px">LaTeX</a> <a href="/tags/LibreOffice/" style="font-size:10px">LibreOffice</a> <a href="/tags/Linux/" style="font-size:10px">Linux</a> <a href="/tags/Machine-Learning/" style="font-size:11.11px">Machine Learning</a> <a href="/tags/Matrix/" style="font-size:10px">Matrix</a> <a href="/tags/MiddleWare/" style="font-size:10px">MiddleWare</a> <a href="/tags/Module/" style="font-size:10px">Module</a> <a href="/tags/Network/" style="font-size:10px">Network</a> <a href="/tags/Nginx/" style="font-size:10px">Nginx</a> <a href="/tags/NodeJS/" style="font-size:11.11px">NodeJS</a> <a href="/tags/OOP/" style="font-size:10px">OOP</a> <a href="/tags/OpenStack/" style="font-size:17.78px">OpenStack</a> <a href="/tags/OpenStackApi/" style="font-size:14.44px">OpenStackApi</a> <a href="/tags/Operations/" style="font-size:10px">Operations</a> <a href="/tags/Oprations/" style="font-size:11.11px">Oprations</a> <a href="/tags/PDF/" style="font-size:10px">PDF</a> <a href="/tags/Pipline/" style="font-size:10px">Pipline</a> <a href="/tags/Probability/" style="font-size:12.22px">Probability</a> <a href="/tags/Python/" style="font-size:15.56px">Python</a> <a href="/tags/React/" style="font-size:11.11px">React</a> <a href="/tags/Relational-algebra/" style="font-size:10px">Relational algebra</a> <a href="/tags/Restful/" style="font-size:10px">Restful</a> <a href="/tags/Route/" style="font-size:10px">Route</a> <a href="/tags/SVD/" style="font-size:10px">SVD</a> <a href="/tags/SVM/" style="font-size:11.11px">SVM</a> <a href="/tags/Scalar/" style="font-size:10px">Scalar</a> <a href="/tags/Sigmoid/" style="font-size:10px">Sigmoid</a> <a href="/tags/Team/" style="font-size:10px">Team</a> <a href="/tags/Tempest/" style="font-size:10px">Tempest</a> <a href="/tags/Tensor/" style="font-size:10px">Tensor</a> <a href="/tags/Testing/" style="font-size:10px">Testing</a> <a href="/tags/Time/" style="font-size:10px">Time</a> <a href="/tags/TimeMachine/" style="font-size:10px">TimeMachine</a> <a href="/tags/Tips/" style="font-size:10px">Tips</a> <a href="/tags/Vector/" style="font-size:10px">Vector</a> <a href="/tags/Vmware/" style="font-size:10px">Vmware</a> <a href="/tags/Vue/" style="font-size:17.78px">Vue</a> <a href="/tags/Vuex/" style="font-size:10px">Vuex</a> <a href="/tags/WSGI/" style="font-size:10px">WSGI</a> <a href="/tags/Web/" style="font-size:10px">Web</a> <a href="/tags/Word-Cut/" style="font-size:10px">Word Cut</a> <a href="/tags/aliyun/" style="font-size:10px">aliyun</a> <a href="/tags/auth/" style="font-size:10px">auth</a> <a href="/tags/babel/" style="font-size:10px">babel</a> <a href="/tags/certbot/" style="font-size:10px">certbot</a> <a href="/tags/decision-tree/" style="font-size:10px">decision tree</a> <a href="/tags/homebrew/" style="font-size:10px">homebrew</a> <a href="/tags/jwt/" style="font-size:10px">jwt</a> <a href="/tags/keystone/" style="font-size:11.11px">keystone</a> <a href="/tags/loader/" style="font-size:10px">loader</a> <a href="/tags/mathematics/" style="font-size:11.11px">mathematics</a> <a href="/tags/migrate/" style="font-size:10px">migrate</a> <a href="/tags/openstack/" style="font-size:10px">openstack</a> <a href="/tags/pdf2html/" style="font-size:10px">pdf2html</a> <a href="/tags/pm2/" style="font-size:10px">pm2</a> <a href="/tags/singular-value-decomposition/" style="font-size:10px">singular value decomposition</a> <a href="/tags/vue-router/" style="font-size:11.11px">vue-router</a> <a href="/tags/vue-ssr/" style="font-size:10px">vue-ssr</a> <a href="/tags/webpack/" style="font-size:10px">webpack</a> <a href="/tags/%E4%BD%8E%E9%80%9A%E6%BB%A4%E6%B3%A2%E5%99%A8/" style="font-size:10px">低通滤波器</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8/" style="font-size:10px">入门</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F/" style="font-size:10px">全局变量</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1/" style="font-size:10px">全局对象</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%85%A8%E6%A0%88/" style="font-size:10px">全栈</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F/" style="font-size:12.22px">公式</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%86%B3%E7%AD%96%E6%A0%91/" style="font-size:10px">决策树</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0/" style="font-size:10px">函数</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%99%A8/" style="font-size:10px">分类器</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F/" style="font-size:10px">加速</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E6%BB%A4%E6%B3%A2%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B/" style="font-size:10px">匹配滤波边缘检测</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8D%B7%E7%A7%AF/" style="font-size:10px">卷积</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8D%B7%E7%A7%AF%E6%A0%B8/" style="font-size:10px">卷积核</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9E%8B%E9%93%BE/" style="font-size:10px">原型链</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%91%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD/" style="font-size:10px">反向传播</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B/" style="font-size:10px">变量类型</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BA%E4%BE%8B/" style="font-size:10px">官方示例</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%B6%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F/" style="font-size:10px">对偶形式</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1/" style="font-size:10px">对象</a> <a href="/tags/%E5%B9%B3%E7%A7%BB%E5%92%8C%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%86%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B/" style="font-size:10px">平移和查分边缘检测</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E4%B9%98%E5%AD%90%E6%B3%95/" style="font-size:10px">拉格朗日乘子法</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%8E%A8%E5%AF%BC/" style="font-size:12.22px">推导</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%A4%E9%98%B6%E6%AE%B5/" style="font-size:10px">提交阶段</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1/" style="font-size:10px">最大似然估计</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1/" style="font-size:10px">最小二乘估计</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95/" style="font-size:10px">最小二乘法</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9C%B4%E7%B4%A0%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF/" style="font-size:10px">朴素贝叶斯</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0/" style="font-size:10px">机器学习</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87/" style="font-size:10px">条件概率</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D/" style="font-size:11.11px">梯度下降</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B/" style="font-size:10px">梯度方向边缘检测</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5/" style="font-size:10px">概念</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87/" style="font-size:10px">概率</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B1%82%E5%AF%BC/" style="font-size:10px">求导</a> <a href="/tags/%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/" style="font-size:10px">流程</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%86%B5/" style="font-size:10px">熵</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F/" style="font-size:10px">生命周期</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5/" style="font-size:10px">矩阵</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C/" style="font-size:10px">神经网络</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%AF%B9%E8%B1%A1/" style="font-size:10px">私有对象</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%B1%BB/" style="font-size:10px">类</a> <a href="/tags/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92/" style="font-size:10px">线性回归</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87/" style="font-size:10px">联合概率</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%9A%E5%87%86%E5%88%99/" style="font-size:10px">贝叶斯判定准则</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B/" style="font-size:10px">边缘检测</a> <a href="/tags/%E8%BE%B9%E9%99%85%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87/" style="font-size:10px">边际概率</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%85/" style="font-size:10px">闭包</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%97%B4%E9%9A%94/" style="font-size:11.11px">间隔</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83/" style="font-size:10px">高斯分布</a> <a href="/tags/%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9A%E6%BB%A4%E6%B3%A2%E5%99%A8/" style="font-size:10px">高通滤波器</a></div></div><div class="column-right-shadow"><div class="card widget"><div class="card-content"><h3 class="menu-label">最新文章</h3><article class="media"><a href="/2019-11-24/4adcf99c.html" class="media-left"><p class="image is-64x64"><img class="thumbnail" src="https://imgs.borgor.cn/imgs/20191124220507.png" alt="JavaScript闭包到底解决了什么问题？"></p></a><div class="media-content"><div class="content"><div><time class="has-text-grey is-size-7 is-uppercase" datetime="2019-11-24T12:42:13.000Z">2019-11-24</time></div><a href="/2019-11-24/4adcf99c.html" class="has-link-black-ter is-size-6">JavaScript闭包到底解决了什么问题？</a><p class="is-size-7 is-uppercase"><a class="has-link-grey -link" href="/categories/Development/">Development</a> 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